我們一般都是建議大家先考完GRE再考託福的。

一方面,是因為GRE的有效期是5年,而託福成績的有效期只有兩年。很多小夥伴一開始就考完託福,後面申請的時候可能會面臨託福成績過期的風險。

另一方面,GRE其實比託福容易分手。這裡的容易分手的意思是,託福一般的大學要求是26x4=104分或者以上。要做到每一個科目都考26分左右,其實是不容易。相對而言,GRE只有verbal中國的考試害怕而已。也就是咱們的中國考生只需要背下詞彙、拿下閱讀,攻下填空就可以了。

而這些科目出版的書都非常多,例如閱讀我就推薦《12天突破GRE閱讀》,用過的小夥伴都說好,詞彙方面市面上也有很多成熟的產品,也有很多app小程式。

做題目我們建議大家到

http://www。

vcgre。com

線上免費刷題。因為上面的題目都有講解,而且也有很多小夥伴的討論~

下面關於整個考試的詳細的備考建議,我的建議是:

一、備考建議

第1節:詞彙篇

1.1

重視搭配

新GRE考試,無論是填空還是閱讀,其實更加註重考查詞彙的搭配。而許多的書籍和培訓也沒有及時地告訴學生。導致國內的考生在備考的時候,往往忽略這點。

例如,當我們備考看到“abreast”這個詞彙的時候,考生第一反應是該詞的中文釋義為:並肩,並列。而實際上,記住該釋義對於考試的你幾乎是沒用的。因為在真題中,該詞會以常用的搭配的方式出現。

官方真題例1.1:

Given the flood of information presented by the mass media, the only way for someone to

keep abreast of

the news is to rely on

abridged

accounts。

該題來自最新的官方指南,我們不難看出,對於abreast的考查並非是單獨孤立的考查,而是整個常用搭配的考查。如果考生備考不注意整個問題,很可能就只會事倍功半。

於是,在《最新GRE官方詞彙大全》一書中,考生會看到我們把

該詞的常用搭配加粗並且加下橫線

abreast

:【常考】

adv。

瞭解,跟上(最新情況):

up to date with; if you

keep abreast of

a subject, you

know all the most recent facts about it

【例】He will be keeping abreast of the news。 他將時刻關注最新訊息。

【注】常用搭配為:

keep abreast of

同樣,比如bestow一詞在實際考試中,常考的搭配為:

bestow sth on/upon sb

, 而本書的該詞給出的形式為:

bestow

:【常考1】

v。

給予;贈與;授予:

to

bestow

something

on

someone means

to give or present

it to them。

【近】

accord, award, confer, grant, present.

【例】The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him。 女王已經授予他爵士頭銜。

官方真題例1.2:

Famous among job seekers for its largesse, the company, quite apart from

generous salaries

bestowed on

its executives annual bonuses and such perquisites as low-interest home mortgages and company cars。 該句的bestowed的表達很明顯已經出現了倒裝(關於倒裝更加詳細的分析,請看後面句子篇)。bestow 的搭配一般是bestow sth。 on sb。 而該句中的sth。 放在sb。(its executives)後面。

整一句的意思大概是說

:它在找工作的人中因為它的慷慨而知名,這個公司,除了它慷慨的工資外,還

提供

每年的分紅和一些額外補貼,例如低利息的房屋抵押和公司的小車

它的經理們。

許多剛備考的考生不知道,除了上面提到的動詞的常用搭配外,考試中經常會出現名詞的搭配。這些名詞一般都有一個特點,那就是其保留它們的動詞的常用介詞搭配。比如subordinate的常用搭配為subordinate …to…,而在考試中其名詞形式經常表達為subordination of…to…,類似的表達的詞彙還有fail…。to…。和free from…。

例如:

官方真題例1.3:

A common argument claims that in folk art,

the artist

‘s subordination of technical mastery to intense feeling——the direct communication of emotion to the viewer。

(A) facilitates (B) averts (C) neutralizes (D) implies (E) represses

分析

:注意到該題中有一個名詞的常用搭配:subordination of…。to…,意思為:

把…置於次要地位;看輕:

If you

subordinate

something

to

another thing, you regard it or treat it as less important than the other thing。

【例1】He was both willing and able to subordinate all else to this aim。 為了這個目標他願意並能夠把其他一切都放在次要的位置。

【例2】economic subordination to Europe。 經濟上從屬於歐洲

該句主要就是探討藝術家對待精湛技巧和強烈情感的關係。而如果

藝術家使技術上的精湛技巧從屬於強烈感情

的話,那麼肯定是

有利於

藝術家情感的表達。於是答案選A。該句中,重複的表達有:feeling=emotion

參考翻譯:

一個普遍的觀點認為,在

民間藝術

中,藝術家使技術上的精湛技巧從屬於強烈感情的做法有利於直接將情感傳遞給觀眾。

官方真題例1.4:

Given how patent the shortcomings of the standard economic model are in its portrayal of human behavior, the

failure of

many economists

to

respond to them is astonishing。 They continue to fill the journals with yet more proofs of yet more improbable theorems。 Others, by contrast, accept the criticisms as a challenge, seeking to expand the basic models to embrace a wider range of things people do。

分析

:一般而言,剛備考的考生在看到failure的時候,第一反應想到的可能就是失敗的意思。而failure作為其動詞fail的名詞形式,依然保留其動詞的常用搭配,也就是fail…to…,意為“沒做到…”。因此官方真題中的“

failure of

many economists

to

”並非許多經濟學家的失敗,而是許多經濟學家沒做到…。。

參考翻譯:

考慮到標準的經濟模型在描述人類的行為的缺點那麼明顯,而

許多經濟學家卻看不到這些缺點

,這是令人非常驚訝的。他們繼續雜誌上發表更多不可能正確的理論的證據。與之相反,其他的經濟學家接受這些批評,並且把它們看作一個挑戰,努力去擴大這個

基礎模型

以致可以包括一個更加廣泛的人們的行為的範圍。

官方真題例1.5:

From the outset,

the concept

of

freedom

of the seas

from

the proprietary claims of nations

was challenged

by a contrary notion——that of the enclosure of the oceans for reasons of national security and profit。

分析

:該題需要注意的是,主語為the concept,謂語為was challenged。實際為兩種概念的邏輯關係。對於freedom一詞,考生熟悉的釋義為“自由”。

而在真題中,該詞經常考查的釋義為:

freedom

n。

擺脫;免除;不受…影響的狀態:exemption from

an unpleasant or onerous condition

【例】all the freedom from pain that medicine could provide。 醫藥可以提供的對痛苦的解脫

參考翻譯:

從一開始起,海洋應獨立於國家宣佈對其私有權的思想就受到一個相反的觀點挑戰,這個相反的觀點是出於國家安全和利益的原因而對海洋私有化。

1.2

重視熟詞僻義

新GRE考試,特別是在填空中,很多詞彙並非考生所熟悉的釋義。而不少詞彙書會建議考生直接複習所謂的四六級詞彙或者乾脆忽略這些詞彙。而這兩種做法都是不可取的。首先,國內的四六級的詞彙的釋義和GRE考試相差甚大,其次,這些單詞往往看起來簡單,但是在實際考試中,正是考生的致命點。因此,在編寫該書的過程中,筆者尤其注意這點,旨在幫助考生熟悉每一個單詞的實際常考釋義,做到全面、科學、精確備考。

例如,當我們備考看到“strong”,“decline”,“run”以及“argue”等這些詞彙的時候,不少考生的直接反應是“這些單詞也太簡單了,關注它們簡直是對我智商的侮辱”。而實際上,在真題中,strong往往表示:“堅定的,自信的;有說服力的”; decline除了大家熟悉的“下降”的釋義外,常考的還有“

n。

衰落;

v。

拒絕”;run常常和for或者against搭配,意為“競選”的意思;而argue當和for在一起的時候,意為:“支援…。”,而和against搭配的時候,卻為“反對…”。

具體如下:

strong

【常考1】

adj。

(人)堅定的,堅決的,自信的

:Someone who is strong is

confident and detemined

, and is not easily influenced or worried by other people

官方真題例1.6:

Although normally

diffident

, Alison

felt so strongly

about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting。儘管通常很自卑,但

艾莉森

對於這個觀點非常有信心,以致於她拋棄了拘謹沉默的做法並且在委員會會議上公開發言。

【常考2】

adj。

有說服力的:persuasive

, effective, and cogent

【例】a strong statement。一個有說服力的觀點

官方真題例1.7:

As for the alleged value of expert opinion, one need only consult government records to see

strong

evidence of the failure of such opinions in many fields。

解析:答案選D。考生要清楚alleged意為所謂的,表示懷疑的態度:

questionably

true or of a specified kind

:

supposed, so-called

。該題的意思為:對那些所謂的專家的價值,一個人只需要查閱政府的檔案即可知道這種觀點在許多領域都失敗的有說服力的證據。

小結:

考生在備考詞彙過程中,要儘可能關注每一個單詞的實際常考釋義和搭配。而一個名詞的常用介詞搭配問問會保留該詞的動詞形式的常用介詞搭配。例如subordination…to…; failure…to…; freedom…。from…。等。與此同時,不要輕視那些看起來簡單的詞彙,做到科學、全面、高效備考。

第2節:句子篇

2.1

重視分類學習

在平時的課堂裡,筆者一直會刻意對學生進行句子的分類訓練和講解。當然,由於篇幅的問題,這裡筆者僅僅探討

倒裝句

的分析,更多的講解和分析,我們會在課堂裡或者筆者後面出版的閱讀書籍中詳細講解。

一般而言,GRE的難句分為:倒裝句、

插入語

、複雜修飾 、雙重否定等。

倒裝句的特徵和說明

表格1

倒裝的特徵和原因:

在考試中,一般的表達為:動詞+A +介詞+B,但是在實際題目中,經常會出現如下

倒裝形式:動詞+介詞+B + A

。當A的表達形式過於複雜或者出現從句等複雜修飾成分的時候,

為了讓句子避免“頭重腳輕”,這時候往往會出現倒裝的表達。

GRE複習的規劃&注意事項~

官方真題例2.1:

Dramatic literature often ————- the history of a culture in that it

takes as

its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture。 (A) confounds (B) repudiates (C) recapitulates (D) anticipates (E) polarizes

解析:

該題出現了

倒裝表達

:take as B A

而很明顯,

B=its subject matter;

A= the important events that have shaped and guided the culture;

因此該句的大概意思即是:戲劇文學經常_____文化的歷史,因為戲劇文學把那些塑造和引導文化的重要事件當作它的題材。

由於該

戲劇文學

僅僅把它們的重要事件當作題材,因此答案選C;也就是戲劇文學經常概括文化歷史,因為戲劇文學把那些塑造和引導文化的重要事件當作它的題材。

官方真題例2.2:

Yet Waizer’s argument,however deficient,does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely, that it

brings to

predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration。

解析:

該題出現了

倒裝表達

:bring to …B A

其中,

B= predominant positions in a society;

A= people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their

material rewards

, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration;

該句的大概意思即是

:可是Waizer的觀點,無論多麼不足,它確實指出了資本主義的一個嚴重的缺點,那就是,它(資本社會)

那些人

帶到

這個社會非常高的地位—就是那些經常缺乏其他可以喚起我們喜歡和欣賞的品質的人,不管他們是如何合法地獲得他們的物質回報。

2.2

重視句子的邏輯關係和聯絡

官方真題例2.3:

The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them

解析:

The

correlation

of carbon dioxide

with

temperature, of course,

does not establish

whether

changes

in atmospheric composition

caused

the

warming and cooling trends

or

were caused by them。

看一個句子的時候,分幾步走。

step 1:

先找主語: correlation,然後找主語的

謂語: does not establish

,後面整個句子是謂語的賓語,第一步結束。

step 2,

回去理解correlation後面of 的定語部分的修飾語,準確來講,是二氧化碳和溫度的關係,

這時候一定記得是二氧化碳和溫度的關係,因為主語後面會不斷被重複

,第2步結束。

step 3

, whether 後面的是一個從句,步驟模仿step 1,先找從句的什麼?記得?對,是主語,也就是:

changes,

那麼下一步你想對了,就是找changes的謂語,沒錯,就是

caused

, 後面的就是

caused的賓語

所以整一句從句的意思就是:大氣成分的改變——->(導致)暖和冷的趨向。

以上步驟只屬於基礎的訓練和理解,下面進行更深一層的訓練和理解:

先回憶一下,剛剛有沒有記得主句的主語的部分?對,就是二氧化碳和溫度的關係。

現在我們一起來思考幾個問題:

1,

warming and cooling

重複了原文前面的哪部分?

2,

atmospheric composition

重複了原文前面的哪部分?

沒錯,所謂的warming and cooling就是代表文章上面的溫度。而所謂的atmospheric composition就是代表上文的二氧化碳。

需要提醒的是,句子最後的地方:were caused by them;

需要注意2個問題:

1, 這裡省略了前面的從句的主語(大氣的改變);

2, 被它們所引起,這裡的代詞them 實際為:前面的暖和冷的趨向——-也就是溫度的趨向。

因此整一句話的意思就是說

二氧化碳和溫度的關係還沒確定到底是大氣成分的改變(也就是二氧化碳所佔的比例的改變)導致了溫度的改變(文章用趨向的單詞)呢?還是,溫度的改變導致了大氣的成分的改變(二氧化碳的比例的改變)。

下面來看看該句邏輯思維圖:

二氧化碳和溫度的關係無法確定:

1,到底是二氧化碳所佔大氣的改變--->(產生了)溫度的趨向,還是;

2,溫度的趨向---->產生了二氧化碳的大氣的成分的改變

官方真題例2.4:

Despite hypotheses ranging from armed conflict to climate change, the abandonment of more than 600 Pueblo cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde by A。D。 1300 still puzzles archaeologists。 Researchers analyzing refuse from one Pueblo community found remains of maize—a Pueblo crop—in 44 percent of samples from years when the community flourished, but in only 10 percent of samples from years near the time of depopulation, while the remains of wild plants increased significantly。

分析:

第1句:

Despite hypotheses

ranging from armed conflict to climate change,

the abandonment

of more than 600 Pueblo cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde by A。D。 1300 still

puzzles

archaeologists。

第一句中,despite表示廣義的相反邏輯,主語為

the abandonment

, 謂語為

puzzles

。而一個句子中,任何

成分後面的時間和地點往往作為不重要的細節

,因此考生可以略讀,該句應該

略讀的部分

為:in Mesa Verde by A。D。 1300

該句大意也即是

:儘管存在很多假設,例如從武裝的衝突到氣候的改變等等,超過600個

普埃布洛

人拋棄他們的懸崖居住處的這個事情依然讓研究者困惑。

第2句:

Researchers

analyzing refuse from one Pueblo community

found

remains of maize—a Pueblo crop—in 44 percent of samples from years when the community flourished,

but

in only 10 percent of samples from years near the time of depopulation,

while

the remains of wild plants increased significantly。

分析:

該句的主語為researchers,謂語為found,後面的全部內容為賓語。

其中,這部分“analyzing refuse from one Pueblo community”為researchers的定語部分,refuse為考生不熟悉的名詞形式,意為:

某物的拋棄

或者被認為沒有用或不值錢的東西或物質:the worthless or useless part of something

: leavings

但是該句的重點在後面部分,也即是研究者發現的具體內容,而but為廣義的對比邏輯,也就是該地繁榮和衰落的時候的比較:

在該地方繁榮(flourished)的時候,玉米的殘留的東西是44%;

在該地方衰落(depopulation)的時候,玉米的殘留的東西僅10%;

因此玉米的殘留的東西呈現的是

下降的邏輯關係

以上只是玉米的殘留的東西的比較,而該句更廣一層的比較是while引導的廣義的比較,也即是玉米的殘留的東西和野生植物殘留東西的比較。

具體而言就是:

玉米的殘留的東西呈現的是下降的邏輯關係,而野生植物呈現的是增加的邏輯關係

因此該段的大意為

:儘管存在很多假設,普埃布洛人拋棄他們的懸崖居住處的這個事情依然讓研究者困惑。研究者發現,玉米的殘留的東西是不斷減少的,而野生的植物的殘留的東西不斷增加的。

最後我們來看題目:

According to the passage, which of the following is likely true regarding

the consumption of wild plants

in the Pueblo community investigated by researchers? A It decreased dramatically as the settlement began to decline。 B It significantly affected the food supply of wild animals living nearby。 C It

increased

as

domesticated sources of food

declined。 D It represented a continuation of centuries-old traditions。 E It fell markedly as the consumption of wild animals increased。

題目解析:

題目問的是野生植物的消耗的情況,那肯定是增加的,於是選項C很明顯是符合的。而C選項中的“domesticated sources of food”實際為同義替換原文的“maize”。

小結:

如果筆者沒說錯的話,大多數的考生學了那麼多年英文,當備考GRE閱讀文章的時候,每看到一句英文,自己看懂的標準就是:是否翻譯得通順。如果翻譯得通順,就以為理解了,而如果不通順,就是不理解。考生在後面的備考裡,應該注意改掉這些不好的習慣,

弱化翻譯,重視句子的內部邏輯關係和聯絡

第3節:閱讀篇

自從2011年8月GRE改革取消了類反題目,增加閱讀部分的比例(佔verbal題目總數的

50%)

後,GRE閱讀部分的重要性可想而知。但是,GRE閱讀,特別是文學、社會科學等文章型別一直以來都是廣大中國考生最頭痛的,也是最難提高的部分。於是,經過多次考試實戰和多年閱讀文章的研究,筆者發現在GRE閱讀的文章裡,還是有一些廣大考生所不熟悉的“規律”。因此,在本文裡,筆者將嘗試去解開GRE閱讀中最讓考生頭痛的“閱讀規律”——-

邏輯、結構以及文章的同一概念的同義替換

——希望可以幫助廣大考生快速提高閱讀分數和閱讀能力。

官方真題例3.1:

建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章,閱讀完後再看後面我們給出的分析。

Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently。 Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes。 Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women。 Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways。 Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy。 Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique。

分析:

Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently.

Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes。 Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women。

Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways.

Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy。 Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique。

首先,該篇文章的主題句分別為第1句和第4句。

從結構的角度而言

1

層結構為文章提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的

不同點

。接著用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的不同之處。

2

層結構為文章提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的

相同點

。接著還是用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的相同之處。

從邏輯的角度而言,

differently為對比邏輯關係裡的不同邏輯。

alike為對比邏輯關係裡的相同邏輯。

Nevertheless,為轉折(也即是廣義的相反)邏輯。需要提醒的是,考生要注意到nevertheless轉折的並非是其最前面的那一句,而是該篇文章的第1層邏輯的不同點,也就是第一句。筆者這樣說只是想時刻提醒讀者,閱讀的精髓本質並非是簡單地對原文的中文翻譯,而是看到

句子與句子的結構、邏輯關係和聯絡、文章的主旨與細節

下面一起來題目:

例題:

The primary purpose of the passage is toA.

defend

a controversial interpretation of two novels

B.

explain

the source of widely recognized responses to two novels

C.

delineate

broad differences between two novels

D.

compare

and contrast

two novels

E.

criticize and evaluate

two novels

解析:

該題很明顯為主旨題目。直接從剛才我們對文章的結構和邏輯分析不難得出,該篇文章主要的邏輯是對比邏輯。因此考生在看選項的時候,切記要先看動詞。很快我們可以得出答案為D選項。

例題2:

According the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in itsA

use of multiple narrators

B

method of disguising the author’s real purposes

C

portrayal of men as determiners of the novel’s action

D

creation of a realistic story

E

controversial effect on readers

解析:

該題為

細節中的不同邏輯關係

的題目。具體而言就是問

Frankenstein 和 Wuthering Heights這2本小說不同之處在於Frankenstein

(題目用代詞its表示)的什麼。

考生這時候應該思考一下,該題的答案應該定位到原文哪一層結構?沒錯,就在第1層。因為只有第1層才說的是不同之處。而題目更加詳細地問我們是Frankenstein這本小說怎樣。於是回到原文對應的地方:“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes。”

我們不難得出,該句的大意是在說:Frankenstein這本小說描寫的是女性角色的命運完全依賴於男性的行為。

從邏輯關係的角度而言,

就是女性角色和男性角色的行為的邏輯關係。那麼答案也必然是對該邏輯關係的

同義替換

。所以答案不難得出是C選項。有意思的是,原文的表達是:女性角色的命運完全依賴男性的行為;而正確答案的表達為:男性決定女性角色。由於篇幅的關係,更全面的邏輯關係和原文對正確選項的替換型別,我們會在課堂上或者後面出版的閱讀書籍中詳細闡述。

官方真題例3.2:

建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章,閱讀完後再看後面我們給出的分析。

Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into

rhythmic patterns

, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment。 One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters。 She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois。 Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms。 Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole。 He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior

解析:

Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.

One

experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters。 She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois。 Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms。

Another

experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole。 He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior

該篇文章的

主旨為第1句

。由第1句中的disagree一詞可以預判文章後面應該會出現關於disagree後面的部分的內容的不同的觀點。

文章的結構於是不難得出可以分為2層。

第1層即是第一句,為該篇文章主題句。

第2層中分為2小點。第1點為one部分的內容,也即是Brown的實驗的具體內容和發現的結果以及結論。第2點為Hamner的具體的實驗的內容和結論。

需要提醒考生的是,文章中主題和細節的重複的部分。也就是當考生看完主旨句的時候,就應該意識到,

scientists, organism’s behavior, environment

都是抽象詞,文章後面會不斷

具體重複

這幾個主題抽象詞。

例如:

scientists

=Brown + Hamner

organism=

oysters+ hamsters

environment=

Connecticut+ Illinois+ California

behavior=

opened their shells widest + adapted to + maintain their original rhythms

官方真題例3.3:

A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers。 His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe。 However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based on race。 He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers。

分析:

A Marxist sociologist

has argued that

racism

stems from the

class struggle

that is unique to the

capitalist system

—that

racial prejudice

is generated by

capitalists

as

a means of controlling workers。

His thesis works relatively well when applied to

discrimination against

Blacks in the United States, but his definition of

racial prejudice

as “

racially-based negative prejudgments

against

a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of

ethnic competition

,” can be interpreted as also including

hostility

toward

such ethnic groups as the

Chinese

in California and the Jews in medieval Europe。 However, since prejudice

against

these latter peoples was not inspired by

capitalists,

he has to reason that such

antagonisms

were not really based on race。

He

disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the

intolerance

faced by Jews before the rise of

capitalism

and the early twentieth-century

discrimination

against Oriental people

in California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by

workers。

上面的不同的顏色或者符號標記,代表該GRE文章中大量的——-

同義替換

如下:

1, racism—racial prejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negative prejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination

2, stems form---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by

3, capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism

4, A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He

5, class struggle----a means of controlling workers

6, against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…

7,

Chinese---- Oriental people

那麼大家思考過沒有,文章在後面展開過程中,為啥不斷地同義替換那幾個詞?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句:A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers。的時候,應該想到什麼?其實,如果對GRE閱讀熟悉的話,就應該清楚,很多文章的寫作意圖是反駁別人的觀點。那麼我們思考一下,後面作者會怎麼反駁那個馬克思學家?對,應該是從如下兩點:

1、在某某情況下,也存在racism,可是不是由於class struggle。

2、在某某情況下,也存在racism,可是那時候,還沒有

capitalist system

也就是我們在後文的不斷的反駁中,不得不去重複這幾個概念:

偏見、來自於、資本主義

第一點反駁:在某某情況下,你得說也存在這種

偏見

第二點反駁:同樣,你也得說,在某某情況下,也存在

偏見

,可是那時候還沒有

資本主義

試想一下,如果我們在看文章的時候,在腦海裡,把剛才那些所有的

同義替換

的單詞,都理解為同一個概念,或者說idea,那麼我們看文章的時候,就可以把前面看到的概念和後面看到的“聯絡”起來。這樣,就不會像大多數的中國考生那樣,看到後面的intolerance, antagonisms 的時候,就開始絞盡腦汁地回想那些單詞的中文意思。

那麼,大家再思考一下,如果我們能夠有這種

“deliberate oversimplification”---

在看文章的時候,有意的把那些相同的概念的單詞聯絡起來,腦海裡出現同一個“概念”,而不是每個單詞的對應的中文翻譯。那麼,

看起文章來,就夠快,而且,最重要的是,你可以把整篇文章串起來

!這樣,在考場上看文章的時候,才可以在規定的時間裡,看完文章並且做完題目。以上所探討的問題,也是考生在備考的時候,應該注意到並且熟悉的一點。

小結:

從上面筆者對閱讀文章的分析,讀者不難發現,真正對閱讀文章的理解遠遠不是簡單的翻譯即可,而是要

深入熟悉閱讀文章的內部的結構與邏輯關係

。備考的時候,只要考生對GRE閱讀文章的結構、邏輯關係以及出題規律的無比熟悉,而並非簡單的記憶詞彙和進行題海戰術,那麼對的閱讀的攻破也將唾手可得。