匿名使用者 1級 2008-11-04 回答

Culture is a very broad and most humane concept。 In a word， culture is a general term for the forms of living elements of regional human beings， namely， clothing， articles， things， food， shelter and travel。

文化（culture）是非常廣泛和最具人文意味的概念，簡單來說文化就是地區人類的生活要素形態的統稱：即衣、冠、文、物、食、住、行等。

It is difficult to define a culture accurately or precisely。 The concept of culture has been interpreted in different ways。

給文化下一個準確或精確的定義，的確是一件非常困難的事情。對文化這個概念的解讀，人類也一直眾說不一。

However， there is a common explanation and understanding in the dictionaries and encyclopedias of the east and the west： culture is the total spiritual activity and product of human activities relative to politics and economy。

但東西方的辭書或百科中卻有一個較為共同的解釋和理解：文化是相對於政治、經濟而言的人類全部精神活動及其活動產品。

參考資料：

文化的哲學定義：

The philosophical definition of culture：

文化是相對於經濟、政治而言的人類全部精神活動及其產品。

Culture is all human mental activities and products relative to economy and politics。

文化是智慧群族的一切群族社會現象與群族內在精神的既有，傳承，創造，發展的總和。

Culture is the sum total of all groups of social groups and the inherent spirit of the group。

它涵括智慧群族從過去到未來的歷史，是群族基於自然的基礎上所有活動內容。是群族所有物質表象與精神內在的整體。

It encompasses the history of the swarm of wisdom from the past to the future， and is the activity of all groups based on nature。 It is the whole material representation and spiritual inner unity of a group。

具體人類文化內容指群族的歷史、地理、風土人情、傳統習俗，工具，附屬物、生活方式、宗教信仰，文學藝術、規範，律法，制度、思維方式、價值觀念、審美情趣，精神圖騰等等

The specific human culture content refers to the history， geography， customs and customs of the group， the tools， the appendages， the way of life， the religious belief， the art of literature， the law， the law， the system， the way of thinking， the values， the aesthetic interest， the spiritual totem， and so on。

參考資料：

文化culture（英文單詞）（來自百度百科）

心在雲端 1級 2008-11-04 回答

culturenbsp；（fromnbsp；thenbsp；latinnbsp；culturanbsp；stemmingnbsp；fromnbsp；colere，nbsp；meaningnbsp；“tonbsp；cultivate“）［1］nbsp；generallynbsp；refersnbsp；tonbsp；patternsnbsp；ofnbsp；humannbsp；activitynbsp；andnbsp；thenbsp；symbolicnbsp；structuresnbsp；thatnbsp；givenbsp；suchnbsp；activitiesnbsp；significancenbsp；andnbsp；importance。nbsp；culturesnbsp；cannbsp；benbsp；“understoodnbsp；asnbsp；systemsnbsp；ofnbsp；symbolsnbsp；andnbsp；meaningsnbsp；thatnbsp；evennbsp；theirnbsp；creatorsnbsp；contest，nbsp；thatnbsp；lacknbsp；fixednbsp；boundaries，nbsp；thatnbsp；arenbsp；constantlynbsp；innbsp；flux，nbsp；andnbsp；thatnbsp；interactnbsp；andnbsp；competenbsp；withnbsp；onenbsp；another“［2］culturenbsp；cannbsp；benbsp；definednbsp；asnbsp；allnbsp；thenbsp；waysnbsp；ofnbsp；lifenbsp；includingnbsp；arts，nbsp；beliefsnbsp；andnbsp；institutionsnbsp；ofnbsp；anbsp；populationnbsp；thatnbsp；arenbsp；passednbsp；downnbsp；fromnbsp；generationnbsp；tonbsp；generation。nbsp；culturenbsp；hasnbsp；beennbsp；callednbsp；“thenbsp；waynbsp；ofnbsp；lifenbsp；fornbsp；annbsp；entirenbsp；society。“［3］nbsp；asnbsp；such，nbsp；itnbsp；includesnbsp；codesnbsp；ofnbsp；manners，nbsp；dress，nbsp；language，nbsp；religion，nbsp；rituals，nbsp；normsnbsp；ofnbsp；behaviornbsp；suchnbsp；asnbsp；lawnbsp；andnbsp；morality，nbsp；andnbsp；systemsnbsp；ofnbsp；beliefnbsp；asnbsp；wellnbsp；asnbsp；thenbsp；art。culturalnbsp；anthropologistsnbsp；mostnbsp；commonlynbsp；usenbsp；thenbsp；termnbsp；“culture“nbsp；tonbsp；refernbsp；tonbsp；thenbsp；universalnbsp；humannbsp；capacitynbsp；andnbsp；activitiesnbsp；tonbsp；classify，nbsp；codifynbsp；andnbsp；communicatenbsp；theirnbsp；experiencesnbsp；materiallynbsp；andnbsp；symbolically。nbsp；scholarsnbsp；havenbsp；longnbsp；viewednbsp；thisnbsp；capacitynbsp；asnbsp；anbsp；definingnbsp；featurenbsp；ofnbsp；humansnbsp；（althoughnbsp；somenbsp；primatologistsnbsp；havenbsp；identifiednbsp；aspectsnbsp；ofnbsp；culturenbsp；suchnbsp；asnbsp；learnednbsp；toolnbsp；makingnbsp；andnbsp；usenbsp；amongnbsp；humankind‘snbsp；closestnbsp；relativesnbsp；innbsp；thenbsp；animalnbsp；kingdom）。［4］culturenbsp；isnbsp；manifestednbsp；innbsp；humannbsp；artifactsnbsp；andnbsp；activitiesnbsp；suchnbsp；asnbsp；music，nbsp；literature，nbsp；lifestyle，nbsp；food，nbsp；paintingnbsp；andnbsp；sculpture，nbsp；theaternbsp；andnbsp；film。［5］nbsp；althoughnbsp；somenbsp；scholarsnbsp；identifynbsp；culturenbsp；innbsp；termsnbsp；ofnbsp；consumptionnbsp；andnbsp；consumernbsp；goodsnbsp；（asnbsp；innbsp；highnbsp；culture，nbsp；lownbsp；culture，nbsp；folknbsp；culture，nbsp；ornbsp；popularnbsp；culture），［6］nbsp；anthropologistsnbsp；understandnbsp；“culture“nbsp；tonbsp；refernbsp；notnbsp；onlynbsp；tonbsp；consumptionnbsp；goods，nbsp；butnbsp；tonbsp；thenbsp；generalnbsp；processesnbsp；whichnbsp；producenbsp；suchnbsp；goodsnbsp；andnbsp；givenbsp；themnbsp；meaning，nbsp；andnbsp；tonbsp；thenbsp；socialnbsp；relationshipsnbsp；andnbsp；practicesnbsp；innbsp；whichnbsp；suchnbsp；objectsnbsp；andnbsp；processesnbsp；becomenbsp；embedded。nbsp；fornbsp；th

匿名使用者 1級 2008-11-04 回答

Culture （from the Latin cultura stemming from colere， meaning “to cultivate”）［1］ generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance。 Cultures can be “understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest， that lack fixed boundaries， that are constantly in flux， and that interact and compete with one another”

文化（來自於colere的拉丁文化，意為“培養”）1通常指的是人類活動的模式和賦予這些活動意義和重要性的符號結構。文化可以被“理解為符號和意義的系統，即使是他們的創造者，缺乏固定的邊界，不斷變化，相互影響，相互競爭”。

Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts， beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation。 Culture has been called “the way of life for an entire society。”［3］ As such， it includes codes of manners， dress， language， religion， rituals， norms of behavior such as law and morality， and systems of belief as well as the art。

文化可以被定義為所有的生活方式，包括藝術、信仰和人口的制度，這些都是代代相傳的。文化被稱為“整個社會的生活方式”。因此，它包括禮儀、服飾、語言、宗教、儀式、行為規範，如法律和道德，以及信仰和藝術。

Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term “culture” to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify， codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically。 Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans （although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind‘s closest relatives in the animal kingdom）。

文化人類學家最常使用“文化”一詞來指代人類的普遍能力和活動，從物質上和象徵意義上對他們的經歷進行分類、編纂和交流。長期以來，學者們一直認為這種能力是人類的一個決定性特徵（儘管一些靈長類動物學家已經確定了文化的某些方面，比如在動物王國中人類最親密的親戚之間的學習工具製造和使用）。

Culture is manifested in human artifacts and activities such as music， literature， lifestyle， food， painting and sculpture， theater and film。［5］ Although some scholars identify culture in terms of consumption and consumer goods （as in high culture， low culture， folk culture， or popular culture），［6］ anthropologists understand “culture” to refer not only to consumption goods， but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning， and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded。 For them， culture thus includes art， science， as well as moral systems。

文化表現在人類的手工藝品和活動中，如音樂、文學、生活方式、食物、繪畫和雕塑、戲劇和電影。儘管一些學者而言，識別文化消費和消費品（如文化高、低文化、民俗文化，或流行文化），人類學家理解“文化”不僅指消費產品，但一般流程生產這樣的產品，給他們的含義，以及社會關係和實踐成為嵌入的物件和過程。對他們來說，文化包括藝術、科學和道德體系。

Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding， or criteria for evaluating， human activity。 Writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK， Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way： “Culture or civilization， taken in its wide ethnographic sense， is that complex whole which includes knowledge， belief， art， morals， law， custom， and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society。”

不同的文化定義反映了不同的理解理論，或者是評估人類活動的標準。寫作從社會人類學的角度在英國，泰勒1874年文化在以下描述道：“文化或文明，在其廣泛的人類學的意義上說，是複雜的整體，其中包括知識，信仰，藝術，道德，法律，習俗，和任何其他的能力和習慣被人作為社會的一員。”

Rock engravings in Gobustan， Azerbaijan indicate a thriving culture dating around 10，000 BC。More recently， the United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization （Unesco） （2002） described culture as follows： “。。。 culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual， material， intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group， and that it encompasses， in addition to art and literature， lifestyles， ways of living together， value systems， traditions and beliefs”。

亞塞拜然哥布斯坦的岩石雕刻表明，在公元前1萬年左右，一種繁榮的文化。最近，聯合國教育、科學及文化組織（教科文組織）（2002年）將文化描述為：“。文化應被視為社會或社會群體的一套獨特的精神、物質、智力和情感特徵，除了藝術和文學之外，它還包括生活方式、生活方式、價值體系、傳統和信仰。

While these two definitions cover a range of meaning， they do not exhaust the many uses of the term ”culture。“ In 1952， Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of ”culture“ in Culture： A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions。

雖然這兩個定義涵蓋了一系列的含義，但它們並沒有耗盡“文化”這個詞的許多用法。1952年，Alfred Kroeber和Clyde Kluckhohn編制了一份文化中“文化”的164個定義：對概念和定義的批判性回顧。

These definitions， and many others， provide a catalog of the elements of culture。 The items catalogued （e。g。， a law， a stone tool， a marriage） each have an existence and life-line of their own。 They come into space-time at one set of coordinates and go out of it another。 While here， they change， so that one may speak of the evolution of the law or the tool。

這些定義，以及其他許多定義，提供了文化元素的目錄。編目的專案（例如，法律、石器、婚姻）各有其自身的存在和生命線。它們在一組座標中進入時空，然後從另一組座標中走出來。在這裡，他們改變了，所以人們可能會談論法律或工具的演變。

A culture， then， is by definition at least， a set of cultural objects。 Anthropologist Leslie White asked： ”What sort of objects are they？ Are they physical objects？ Mental objects？ Both？ Metaphors？ Symbols？ Reifications？“ In Science of Culture （1949）， he concluded that they are objects ”sui generis“； that is， of their own kind。 In trying to define that kind， he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization， which he called ”the symbolate“—an object created by the act of symbolization。 He thus defined culture as ”symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context。“［10］ The key to this definition is the discovery of the symbolate。

因此，一種文化，至少從定義上來說，是一套文化物件。人類學家萊斯利懷特問道：“他們是什麼東西？”他們是物理物件嗎？精神的物件？都有？比喻嗎？符號？一個個符號嗎？”在文化科學（1949年）中，他得出結論，他們是“隋代”的物件；這是他們自己的。在試圖定義這種型別的時候，他偶然發現了一個以前未實現的符號化的方面，他稱之為“符號化”——一個由符號化行為創造的物體。因此，他將文化定義為“在非肉體環境中理解的符號”。這個定義的關鍵是發現了符號。

匿名使用者 1級 2008-11-05 回答

Culture （from the Latin cultura stemming from colere， meaning ”to cultivate“）［1］ generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance。 Cultures can be ”understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest， that lack fixed boundaries， that are constantly in flux， and that interact and compete with one another“［2］

Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts， beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation。 Culture has been called ”the way of life for an entire society。“［3］ As such， it includes codes of manners， dress， language， religion， rituals， norms of behavior such as law and morality， and systems of belief as well as the art。

Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term ”culture“ to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify， codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically。 Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans （although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind’s closest relatives in the animal kingdom）。［4］

Culture is manifested in human artifacts and activities such as music， literature， lifestyle， food， painting and sculpture， theater and film。［5］ Although some scholars identify culture in terms of consumption and consumer goods （as in high culture， low culture， folk culture， or popular culture），［6］ anthropologists understand ”culture“ to refer not only to consumption goods， but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning， and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded。 For them， culture thus includes art， science， as well as moral systems。

Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding， or criteria for evaluating， human activity。 Writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK， Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way： ”Culture or civilization， taken in its wide ethnographic sense， is that complex whole which includes knowledge， belief， art， morals， law， custom， and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society。“［7］

Rock engravings in Gobustan， Azerbaijan indicate a thriving culture dating around 10，000 BC。More recently， the United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization （Unesco） （2002） described culture as follows： ”。。。 culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual， material， intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group， and that it encompasses， in addition to art and literature， lifestyles， ways of living together， value systems， traditions and beliefs“。［8］

While these two definitions cover a range of meaning， they do not exhaust the many uses of the term ”culture。“ In 1952， Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of ”culture“ in Culture： A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions。［9］

These definitions， and many others， provide a catalog of the elements of culture。 The items catalogued （e。g。， a law， a stone tool， a marriage） each have an existence and life-line of their own。 They come into space-time at one set of coordinates and go out of it another。 While here， they change， so that one may speak of the evolution of the law or the tool。

A culture， then， is by definition at least， a set of cultural objects。 Anthropologist Leslie White asked： ”What sort of objects are they？ Are they physical objects？ Mental objects？ Both？ Metaphors？ Symbols？ Reifications？“ In Science of Culture （1949）， he concluded that they are objects ”sui generis“； that is， of their own kind。 In trying to define that kind， he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization， which he called ”the symbolate“—an object created by the act of symbolization。 He thus defined culture as ”symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context。“［10］ The key to this definition is the discovery of the symbolate。

Culture as civilization

The famous ”El Castillo“ （The castle）， formally named ”Temple of Kukulcan“， in the archeological city of Chichén-Itzá， in the state of Yucatán， Mexico。Many people have an idea of ”culture“ that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries。 This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies， and between European powers and their colonies around the world。 It identifies ”culture“ with ”civilization“ and contrasts it with ”nature。“ According to this way of thinking， one can classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others， and some people as more cultured than others。 Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture。 Theorists such as Matthew Arnold （1822-1888） or the Leavisites regard culture as simply the result of ”the best that has been thought and said in the world。”［11］ Arnold contrasted mass/popular culture with social chaos or anarchy。 On this account， culture links closely with social cultivation： the progressive refinement of human behavior。 Arnold consistently uses the word this way： “。。。culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know， on all the matters which most concern us， the best which has been thought and said in the world。”［11］

In practice， culture referred to élite activities such as museum-caliber art and classical music， and the word cultured described people who knew about， and took part in， these activities。 These are often called “high culture”， namely the culture of the ruling social group，［12］ to distinguish them from mass culture and or popular culture。

From the 19th century onwards， some social critics have accepted this contrast between the highest and lowest culture， but have stressed the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people‘s essential nature。 On this account， folk music （as produced by working-class people） honestly expresses a natural way of life， and classical music seems superficial and decadent。 Equally， this view often portrays Indigenous peoples as ’noble savages‘ living authentic unblemished lives， uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly-stratified capitalist systems of the West。

Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture， and the opposition of culture to nature。 They recognize non-élites as just as cultured as élites （and non-Westerners as just as civilized）—simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way。

Williams［13］ argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three：

“a general process of intellectual， spiritual， and aesthetic development”

“a particular way of life， whether of a people， period， or a group”

“the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity”。

匿名使用者 1級 2008-11-05 回答

國內的話得找對才可以，cmбē。￠⊙㎡大部分不行了很難受

匿名使用者 1級 2008-11-05 回答

不同的國家有著不同的文化習俗