Ray Peat Newsletter 2006/03 Inflammation, endotoxin, estrogen, and other problems

正文

炎症的歷史

Over the last few decades, the meaning of inflammation has changed a little, from being thought of simply as an essential part of the immune reaction, to being recognized as something that can interfere with the immune system, and that contributes to chronic disease and degeneration。

在過去的幾十年裡,炎症的含義發生了一些變化,從被簡單地認為是免疫反應的一個重要部分,到被認為是可以干擾免疫系統、導致慢性疾病和退化的東西。

Many components of the inflammatory reaction have been identified lately, but the way those fit into the context of the whole organism still isn‘t clear。

炎症反應的許多成分最近已經被確定,但這些成分如何與整個機體相適應還不清楚。

Many of the “evolutionary interpretations” of particular biological features are just words, empty speculations that can’t be tested。 (Selective breeding experiments and comparative physiology can provide some basis for arguments about the evolution of the immune system, but the people who created the “big picture” weren‘t burdened by a need for detailed evidence。)

許多對特定生物特徵的“進化解釋”只是文字,是無法檢驗的空洞推測。(選擇性繁殖實驗和比較生理學可以為有關免疫系統進化的爭論提供一些基礎,但創造“大圖”的人並不需要詳細的證據。)

Developmental processes, however, have been studied in great detail, and as information accumulates, it is becoming clear that the traditional view of inflammation has little to do with reality。 When inflammation is “explained” as something that evolved to protect the organism against infection, people will be taught that theory, and will feel no need to think about the subject again。

然而,對發育過程的研究已經非常詳細,隨著資訊的積累,人們越來越清楚地認識到,傳統的炎症觀點與現實沒有多大關係。

當炎症被“解釋”為一種進化來保護機體免受感染的東西時,人們將被教授這一理論,並且不再需要再思考這個問題

With the newer realization that inflammation can lead to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, dementia, and other degenerative processes, the logical seeming course of action for people taught the traditional “evolutionary” view of inflammation has been to look for the infectious organism causing the problem。

隨著人們對炎症可導致癌症、心臟病、糖尿病、痴呆症和其他退化過程的新認識,傳統的炎症“進化”觀點所教導的人們看似合乎邏輯的行動方針是尋找引起問題的傳染性有機體。

炎症的上下文

But if we put inflammation into the developmental context, it is immediately clear that infectious agents are just one of the many factors that we interact with and that can be involved in the inflammatory and degenerative processes。 Nutrition, toxins, environmental stresses, and biological cycles influence the way we react to infectious organisms, and even in the absence of virulent organisms, can cause inflammation and degeneration。 In the uterus and ovary, for example, inflammatory and degenerative changes are part of normal functioning。

但是,如果我們把炎症放在發育的上下文中,很明顯,傳染源只是我們與之相互作用的眾多因素之一,並且可能參與炎症和退行性過程。營養、毒素、環境壓力和生物迴圈會影響我們對感染性生物體的反應方式,甚至在沒有有毒生物體的情況下,也會導致炎症和退化。例如,在子宮和卵巢中,炎症和退行性改變是正常功能的一部分。

細胞與環境

In those organs, the cyclic changes in structure are orchestrated to a monthly rhythm that makes them very obvious。 But in other organs, such as the adrenal cortex, the intestinal epithelium, the liver, and the skin, there is a continuous process of renewal (and degeneration) of cells that is fairly well known, despite the dogmatists who want to cling to the “Hayflick limit,” that denies the existence of a flowing renewal of cells in every organ, or that insists that no renewal is possible after 50 divisions of a cell line。 Cell renewal occurs even in the brain and the heart。 The Hayflick doctrine was plausible to people who were committed to a Weismannist view of genetics and development, a view that radically denied the role of organismic and environmental interactions in development。

在這些器官中,結構的週期性變化被編排成一個月一次的節奏,使它們變得非常明顯。但在其他器官,如腎上腺皮質、腸上皮、肝臟和面板,細胞的更新(和退化)過程是眾所周知的,儘管教條主義者堅持“海夫利克極限”,否認每個器官中都存在流動的細胞更新,或者說,一個細胞系分裂50次後,就不可能更新了。細胞更新甚至發生在大腦和心臟。海弗利克學說對那些致力於魏斯曼主義遺傳學和發展觀的人來說是合理的,

這種觀點從根本上否定了有機體和環境相互作用在發展中的作用

Cells that are well insulated from the environment can live for a very long time, but cells that directly contact the environment, i。e。, the skin and the intestinal epithelium, divide rapidly, and are shed。

與環境絕緣良好的細胞可以存活很長時間,但直接接觸環境(即面板和腸上皮)的細胞分裂迅速並脫落。

When stimulation is great, and energy supply is weak, a cell will either adapt to the conditions, sometimes increasing its rate of division, or die。 Nerve cells can protect themselves by becoming insensitive to stimulation; in some cases, the stress-induced loss of its axon can probably turn a nerve cell into a resting, or stem, cell。

當刺激很強,能量供應很弱時,細胞要麼適應環境,有時會加快分裂速度,要麼死亡

。神經細胞可以透過對刺激不敏感來保護自己;在某些情況下,由壓力引起的軸突缺失可能會使神經細胞轉變為靜息細胞或幹細胞。

The dissolution of a cell releases its materials in different ways, according to the conditions that caused it to die。 Sometimes it releases histamine and other substances that can increase blood flow in nearby capillaries, but under other conditions it can liquefy without causing much change in its environment。 When a significant amount of cellular debris accumulates in an area, wandering cells sense it, and depending on the nature of the injury, they may simply remove the debris, or stay and adapt, forming part of a repair structure。

根據導致細胞死亡的條件,細胞的溶解以不同的方式釋放其物質。有時,它會釋放組胺和其他物質,增加附近毛細血管的血流量,但在其他條件下,它可以液化,而不會對環境造成太大變化。當大量的細胞碎片聚集在一個區域時,遊蕩的細胞會感覺到它,並且根據損傷的性質,它們可能只是清除碎片,或者停留並適應,形成修復結構的一部分。

PUFA和免疫

Proteolytic enzymes and nucleases can decompose most of the structural proteins and nucleic acids, but the lipases that act on the dead cell’s structural lipids release a variety of modified phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol, with considerable biological activity or significance。 These substances appear with regularity when cells are being damaged, and they are the most important class of signals acting on the immune system。 Oxidized phospholipids can cause other cells to form a variety of substances that amplify the alarm signal (e。g。, Kadl, et aI。, 2002)。 Their importance justifies the view of J。 Cunliffe and P。Matzinger, that the immune system is actually a system of structural development and maintenance, and that its role in killing alien organisms is triggered when tissue damage releases our intrinsic signal substances。

蛋白水解酶和核酸酶可以分解大部分結構蛋白和核酸,但作用於死細胞結構脂質的脂肪酶釋放出各種修飾磷脂、脂肪酸和膽固醇,具有相當大的生物活性或意義。這些物質在細胞受到損傷時有規律地出現,它們是作用於免疫系統的最重要的一類訊號。氧化磷脂可導致其他細胞形成多種物質,從而放大報警訊號(例如,Kadl等人,2002年)。它們的重要性證明了J。Cunliffe和P。Matzinger的觀點,

即免疫系統實際上是一個結構發育和維持系統

,當組織損傷釋放出我們固有的訊號物質時,它在殺死外來生物中的作用就會觸發。

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, derived from foods, have a special role in the immune system, intensifying the effects of stress (cholesterol newsletter, September, 2005) in killing lymphocytes, ,and blocking the proliferative response of thymic cells (Rotondo, et aI。, 1994)。 They tend to shift immune functions from cellular immunity to humoral (antibody) immunity, and this pattern predisposes to autoimmunity。 They are probably directly toxic to the liver (Ritskes-Hoitinga, 1998)。 DHA increases the leakiness of the bowel, allowing more endotoxin to enter the circulation (RoigPerez, et aI。, 2004)。

從食物中提取的

多不飽和脂肪酸

在免疫系統中具有特殊作用,可增強應激(膽固醇通訊,2005年9月)對淋巴細胞的殺傷作用,並阻斷胸腺細胞的增殖反應(Rotondo等人,1994年)。

它們傾向於將免疫功能從細胞免疫轉移到體液(抗體)免疫,這種模式容易導致自身免疫

。它們可能對肝臟有直接毒性(Ritskes-Hoitinga,1998年)。

DHA增加腸道的滲漏,使更多的內毒素進入迴圈

(RoigPerez等人,2004年)。

When cells have enough glucose, oxygen, and thyroid hormone, and aren‘t being over-stimulated, energy consumption can be uncoupled from the formation of ATP。 This allows the mitochondria to devote more energy to the production of the material needed for synthesizing cholesterol and its derivatives, pregnenolone, progesterone, and DHEA, and to form carbon dioxide at a high rate。 Uncoupling helps to lower the formation of inflammatory cytokines (Horvath, et al。, 2003)。 A chronically “uncoupled” metabolic state has been associated with longevity (Speakman, et al。, 2004)。 The rate of cholesterol production, and the amount in circulation, tend to be inversely related to systemic inflammation。 All of the types of lipoprotein absorb, bind, and help to eliminate endotoxin, for example。 Carbon dioxide and the major steroids stabilize cells against excessive stimulation, and protect the cell structure。

當細胞有足夠的葡萄糖、氧氣和甲狀腺激素,並且沒有受到過度刺激時,能量消耗可以與ATP的形成脫鉤。這使得線粒體將更多的能量用於合成膽固醇及其衍生物、孕烯醇酮、孕酮和脫氫表雄酮所需物質的生產,並高速形成二氧化碳。解偶聯有助於降低炎性細胞因子的形成

(Horvath等人,2003年)。長期的“非耦合”代謝狀態與長壽有關(Speakman等人,2004年)。

膽固醇的生成速率和迴圈量往往與全身炎症呈負相關。例如,所有型別的脂蛋白都能吸收、結合和幫助清除內毒素。二氧化碳和主要的類固醇能夠穩定細胞免受過度刺激,並保護細胞結構

Bacteria and plants produce a variety of lipids that serve some purposes analogous to our cholesterol and phospholipids。 Some of the common intestinal bacteria produce a molecule containing amino sugars and fatty acids (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), that’s called endotoxin。 The “endo” root distinguishes it from the “exotoxins” secreted by some bacteria, because the endotoxin is a structural part of the bacterium, that protects the bacterium against some of the exotoxins produced by other microorganisms。 Normally, our intestine and liver destroy most of the LPS endotoxin before it reaches the general circulation。 The bile acids, a major end product of cholesterol, have a detergent action in the intestine that usually keeps endotoxin in solution, away from the absorptive surfaces of the intestine。 If the flow of bile is obstructed, endotoxin is allowed to enter the system (Bertok, 2004)。 Estrogen can inhibit the flow of bile (Stieger, et aI。, 2000)。 A mucus lining is part of the protective barrier, but the microscopic integrity of the intestinal cells themselves finally regulates the passage of materials into the blood and lymphatic vessels。

細菌和植物產生多種脂類,這些脂類在某些方面與我們的膽固醇和磷脂類似。一些常見的腸道細菌產生一種含有氨基糖和脂肪酸(脂多糖,LPS)的分子,稱為內毒素。“內”根將其與某些細菌分泌的“外毒素”區分開來,因為內毒素是細菌的一個結構部分,保護細菌免受其他微生物產生的某些外毒素的侵害。正常情況下,我們的腸道和肝臟在內毒素進入全身迴圈之前就破壞了大部分內毒素。

膽汁酸是膽固醇的主要終產物,在腸道中具有清潔作用,通常使內毒素保持在溶液中,遠離腸道的吸收表面

如果膽汁流動受阻,則允許內毒素進入系統

(Bertok,2004)。

雌激素可以抑制膽汁的流動

(Stieger等人,2000年)。黏液襯裡是保護屏障的一部分,但腸道細胞自身的微觀完整性最終調節物質進入血液和淋巴管的通道。

The barrier function of the intestine is weakened by poisons, malnutrition, and the reduced circulation that can result from stress。 Estrogens, such as oral contraceptives or Premarin, can cause colitis by shutting off the blood supply (Gurbuz, et aI。, 1994; Deana and Dean, 1995)。

中毒、營養不良和壓力導致的迴圈減少削弱了腸道的屏障功能

。雌激素,如口服避孕藥或倍美力,可透過切斷血液供應引起結腸炎(Gurbuz等人,1994年;Deana和Dean,1995年)。

When our cells are exposed to LPS, they produce many of the same reactions that they would produce in response to our endogenous phospholipids。 The major proteins that interact with cholesterol contain lipophilic regions called beta sheets, in which a relatively flat surface is formed by parallel strands of the protein。 LPS contains a group of fatty acids bound together by the polysaccharide, that strongly binds to these proteins。

當我們的細胞暴露於LPS時,它們會產生許多與內源性磷脂反應相同的反應。與膽固醇相互作用的主要蛋白質含有稱為β片的親脂性區域,其中一個相對平坦的表面由平行的蛋白質鍊形成。LPS含有一組由多糖結合在一起的脂肪酸,這些多糖與這些蛋白質緊密結合。

The alarm reaction produced either by damage of some of our own tissue or by the entrance of LPS into the circulation can, under ideal circumstances, lead to a series of protective and defensive reactions, that resolve the problem。 The production of steroids is increased, and, early in life, the liberation of fatty acids itself can contribute to the anti-inflammatory processes that restore the barrier function and energy production。 But when the endogenous omega-9 fatty acids have been thoroughly displaced by dietary omega-6 and omega。-3 fatty acids, the systemic release of fatty acids becomes an amplifier of the stress state initiated by injury or other stress。 The liver, for example, decreases its detoxification of estrogen in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids。

在理想情況下,我們自身組織受損或LPS進入迴圈所產生的警報反應可以導致一系列保護和防禦反應,從而解決問題。類固醇的產生增加,並且

在生命早期,脂肪酸本身的釋放有助於抗炎過程,從而恢復屏障功能和能量生產。但是,當內源性ω-9脂肪酸被飲食中的ω-6和ω-3脂肪酸徹底取代時,脂肪酸的系統性釋放成為損傷或其他應激引起的應激狀態的放大因子

。例如,

在含有多不飽和脂肪酸的情況下,肝臟會降低其對雌激素的解毒作用

雌激素解毒

In the ovary and uterus, the healthy alternation of excitation and quiescence usually continues for many years, and in rodents it often ends in a state of “persistent estrus,” in which the excitatory state can‘t be terminated in the usual way, by the production of progesterone。 In humans, menopause is analogous, because the excitatory FSH hormone from the pituitary becomes excessive, with the ovary continuing to produce estrogen but failing to produce progesterone, sometimes with the pituitary failing to shift from FSH to LH。 In rodents, it’s recognized that persistent estrus is caused by chronically elevated estrogen, but in humans there has been tremendous resistance to the recognition of estrogen‘s central role in menopause and senescence。 An excess of the basic promoter of inflammation, serotonin, which is closely associated with estrogen’s influence, can have similar effects on the reproductive cycle (Cooper, et a!。, 1986)。 The industry has devoted the necessary funding to making the easily manipulated medical culture, and the public, believe the opposite, i。e。, that reproductive aging is mainly caused by estrogen deficiency。

在卵巢和子宮中,興奮和靜止的健康交替通常持續多年,而在齧齒類動物中,它往往以“持續發情”狀態結束,在這種狀態下,興奮狀態不能透過孕酮的產生以通常的方式終止。在人類中,更年期是類似的,因為垂體分泌的興奮性FSH激素變得過多,卵巢繼續產生雌激素,但不能產生黃體酮,有時垂體不能從FSH轉化為LH。在齧齒類動物中,人們認識到持續發情是由雌激素的長期升高引起的,但在人類中,人們對雌激素在更年期和衰老中的核心作用的認識一直存在巨大的阻力。與雌激素的影響密切相關的炎症基本促進劑血清素過量,可對生殖週期產生類似的影響(Cooper,et a。,1986)。該行業已經投入了必要的資金,使易於操縱的醫學文化和公眾,相信相反的,即生殖老化主要是由雌激素缺乏引起的。

The liver, besides its important role in keeping endotoxin from reaching the circulation, normally “destroys” all of the estrogen that reaches it, that is, it makes it water soluble so that it will be excreted in the urine or bile, rather than being retained by cells。 But in malnutrition, hypothyroidism, or stress, the liver allows estrogen to pass through without being completely inactivated。 M。S。 Biskind and G。R。 Biskind (1941, 1946) showed that the B vitamins were crucial for estrogen elimination, and others around the same time demonstrated that toxins, protein deficiency, hypothyroidism, and even hyperestrogenism itself tended to reduce the liver‘s ability to detoxify estrogen。 Endotoxin’s inhibition of this detoxifying system (Banhegyi, et aI。, 1995) is just one of the ways that it increases estrogen systemically。

肝臟除了在阻止內毒素進入血液迴圈中發揮重要作用外,通常還會“破壞”所有到達它的雌激素,也就是說,它使其可溶於水,從而在尿液或膽汁中排出,而不是被細胞保留

但在營養不良、甲狀腺功能減退或壓力下,肝臟允許雌激素透過而不完全失活

。M。S。Biskind和G。R。Biskind(1941,1946)表明,

B族維生素對消除雌激素至關重要

**,同時其他人也證明毒素、蛋白質缺乏、甲狀腺功能減退甚至雌激素過多本身都會降低肝臟對雌激素的解毒能力**。內毒素對這種解毒系統的抑制(Banhegyi,et al。,1995)只是其系統性增加雌激素的方式之一。

Estrogen, which was named for a gadfly, is excitatory in all of its biological actions (including nervous excitation and cellular proliferation), and in most tissues this excitatory action has been shown to cause oxidation damage。 Many different toxic changes have been produced in the liver by estrogen, but lipid peroxidation can be clearly demonstrated in the liver as an early reaction to subcutaneous estrogen injection (Gene, et a!。, 1999)。

以牛虻命名的雌激素在其所有生物學行為(包括神經興奮和細胞增殖)中都具有興奮性,並且在大多陣列織中,這種興奮性行為已被證明會導致氧化損傷。雌激素在肝臟中產生了許多不同的毒性變化,但脂質過氧化可作為皮下注射雌激素的早期反應在肝臟中得到明確證明(Gene,et a!,1999)。

雌激素、內毒素和

NF-κB

Endotoxin and estrogen interact in many interesting and potentially deadly ways。 Both of them activate many of the same alarm systems, including phospholipases, nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins (including IL-6, according to Bengtsson, et aI。, 2004), and the enzymes that form prostaglandins from polyunsaturated fatty acids。 Estrogen makes the toxic-mediator-producing cells in the liver (Kupffer cells) hypersensitive to LPS——15 times more sensitive than normal (Ikejima, et a!。, 1998)。 One way estrogen increases the toxicity of endotoxin is probably by making the intestine more permeable (Enomoto, et a!。, 1999)。 The acute phase reaction, a process in which the liver decreases its production of albumin and increases the production of serum amyloids, lipoproteins, and fibrinogen, is promoted by both estrogen and endotoxin。 Estrogen (like endotoxin) activates nuclear factor kappa-B (Shyamala and Guiot, 1992; Hamilton, et a!。, 2003), which activates cells to produce TNF, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and interleukins。 A long series of observations have indicated that estrogen‘s main effects begin with redox changes in the mitochondria, and recent evidence (Felty and Roy, 2005) shows that oxidative free radicals produced in the mitochondria by estrogen induce NF kappa-B。 Old age is associated with increased activity of NF kappa-B。

內毒素和雌激素以許多有趣且可能致命的方式相互作用

。它們都啟用許多相同的報警系統,包括磷脂酶、一氧化氮合酶、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、白細胞介素(包括IL-6,根據Bengtsson等人,2004),以及從多不飽和脂肪酸中形成前列腺素的酶。雌激素使肝臟中產生毒性介質的細胞(庫普弗細胞)對LPS高度敏感——比正常人敏感15倍(Ikejima,et a。,1998)。

雌激素增加內毒素毒性的一種方式可能是使腸道更具滲透性

(Enomoto,et a。,1999)。急性期反應,即肝臟減少白蛋白的產生並增加血清澱粉樣蛋白、脂蛋白和纖維蛋白原的產生的過程,由雌激素和內毒素共同促進。雌激素(如內毒素)啟用核因子κB(Shymala和Guiot,1992;Hamilton,et a!,,2003),啟用細胞產生TNF、一氧化氮、前列腺素和白細胞介素。大量觀察表明,

雌激素的主要作用始於線粒體的氧化還原變化

,最近的證據(Felty和Roy,2005)表明,

雌激素線上粒體中產生的氧化自由基誘導NF-κB

。衰老與NF-κB活性增加有關。

Aspirin, increased levels of carbon dioxide (Ni Chonghaile, et aI。, 2005), and progesterone (Deroo and Archer, 2002; Kelly, et a!。, 2001; Allport, et a!。, 2001; van der Burg and van der Saag, 1996;Caldenhoven, et aI。, 1995) inhibit NF kappa-B, and NF kappa-B inhibits the synthesis of both testosterone (Hong, et aI。, 2004) and progesterone (Allport, et aI。, 2001)。

阿司匹林,二氧化碳含量增加

(倪崇海等人,2005年)和

孕酮

(德魯和阿徹,2002年;凱利等人,2001年;奧爾波特等人,2001年;範德堡和范德薩格,1996年;卡爾登霍溫等人,1995年)

抑制NF-κB,NF-κB抑制睪酮和孕酮的合成

(洪等人,2004年)(Allport等人,2001年)。

The amount of injury needed to increase the endotoxin in the blood can be fairly minor。 Two thirds of people having a colonoscopy had a significant increase in endotoxin in their blood, and intense exercise or anxiety will increase it。 Endotoxin activates the enzyme that synthesizes estrogen while it decreases the formation of androgen (Christeff, et aI。, 1992), and this undoubtedly is partly responsible for the large increases in estrogen in both men and women caused by trauma, sickness or excessive fatigue。

增加血液中內毒素所需的損傷量可能相當小。

三分之二接受結腸鏡檢查的人血液中內毒素含量顯著增加,劇烈運動或焦慮會增加內毒素含量

內毒素激活了合成雌激素的酶,同時降低了雄激素的形成

(Christeff,et al。,1992),這無疑是創傷、疾病或過度疲勞導致男性和女性雌激素大量增加的部分原因。

The positive interactions among estrogen and endotoxin and NF kappa-B, and their negative interactions with progesterone and testosterone, tend to “stabilize” the inflammatory condition。 In a young person, good food, sunlight, and a high altitude can often overcome severe and progressive inflammatory conditions。 In an older person, whose tissues contain larger amounts of polyunsaturated fats and their breakdown products, it takes more environmental support to get out of the inflammatory pattern。

雌激素、內毒素和NF-κB之間的正相互作用,以及它們與孕酮和睪酮之間的負相互作用,傾向於“穩定”炎症狀態

。對於年輕人來說,

良好的食物、陽光和高海拔通常可以克服嚴重的漸進性炎症

。老年人的組織中含有大量的多不飽和脂肪及其分解產物,需要更多的環境支援才能擺脫炎症模式。

甘氨酸、飽和脂肪、蔗糖、鈉

Glycine (the main amino acid in gelatin) is an important nutrient with powerful anti-inflammatory actions (Zhong, et a!。, 1999; Wang, et a!。, 2004)。 Saturated fatty acids can help to reduce chronic inflammatory states, but it’s essential to eliminate as far as possible the unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids, which suppress normal immune functions, besides contributing to the free radical-lipid peroxidation burden。 Cholesterol and ATP have been used therapeutically, but ordinarily their synthesis can be increased safely by using a diet that contains a significant amount of ordinary sugar (sucrose, from fruits) when the thyroid function is adequate。

甘氨酸

(明膠中的主要氨基酸)是一種重要的營養素,具有強大的抗炎作用(鍾,等,1999;王,等,2004)。

飽和脂肪酸

有助於減輕慢性炎症狀態,但有必要儘可能消除不穩定的多不飽和脂肪酸,這些脂肪酸抑制正常的免疫功能,此外還會導致自由基脂質過氧化負擔。

膽固醇和ATP已被用於治療,但通常情況下,當甲狀腺功能足夠時,使用含有大量普通糖(水果中的蔗糖)的飲食可以安全地增加膽固醇和ATP的合成

Since vascular leakiness is involved in the inflammatory syndromes, as well as in shock, I think it‘s reasonable to treat them similarly, keeping in mind the importance of normal blood volume and viscosity。 Sodium and sugar help to lower adrenaline, and so they can make a contribution to preventing high blood pressure, while maintaining normal hydration of the blood。 Estradiol and cholera toxin, which both increase vascular leakiness, probably exert some of their influence by lowering the osmotic tension of the extracellular fluid (Webster, et aI。, 1984; Witten and Bradbury, 1951)。 The enzyme activated by cholera toxin, estrogen, and hypotonic medium in the study by Webster, et aI。, was ornithine decarboxylase, which produces the polyamines。 The polyamines promote cellular proliferation, and promote the actions of the excitotoxic amino acids。 Histamine also activates excitotoxicity, and magnesium opposes it。

由於血管滲漏與炎症綜合徵以及休克有關,我認為同樣的治療方法是合理的,要記住正常血容量和粘度的重要性。

鈉和糖有助於降低腎上腺素

,因此它們可以在維持血液正常水合作用的同時,對預防高血壓做出貢獻。增加血管滲漏的雌二醇和霍亂毒素可能透過降低細胞外液的滲透壓發揮一定的影響(Webster等人,1984年;Witten和Bradbury,1951年)。在韋伯斯特等人的研究中,霍亂毒素、雌激素和低滲介質啟用的酶是鳥氨酸脫羧酶,它產生多胺。

多胺促進細胞增殖,並促進興奮毒性氨基酸的作用。組胺也會啟用興奮性毒性,鎂則相反

The inflammatory states that produce the age-related degenerative diseases have many things in common with “pre-eclampsia” or pregnancy toxemia, and the same simple things can usually alleviate both kinds of problem。 With aging, intracellular water tends to decrease, as the extracellular water increases (Lesser and Markovsky, 1979), probably because of reduced cellular energy, and increased vascular permeability。 When albumin production is adequate, it “binds” sodium, and the combination osmotically increases the ability of the blood to retain water。

導致年齡相關性退行性疾病的炎症狀態與“子癇前期”或妊娠毒血症有許多共同之處,同樣簡單的事情通常可以緩解這兩種問題。隨著年齡的增長,細胞內的水分會隨著細胞外水分的增加而減少(Lesser和Markovsky,1979),這可能是由於細胞能量的減少和血管通透性的增加。當白蛋白產生充足時,它“結合”鈉,並且這種結合滲透性地增加血液保持水分的能力。

Sodium bicarbonate can provide a little extra carbon dioxide, along with the sodium, and its diuretic action is well established, but it works by improving perfusion of the tissues, reducing any abnormal water retention, rather than by causing the kidneys to lose water in unphysiological ways。 One of progesterone’s important functions is the maintenance of blood volume, and adequate thyroid is essential for preventing hyponatremia (insufficient sodium in the blood, which often occurs in combination with decreased formation of albumin)。

碳酸氫鈉可以和鈉一起提供少量額外的二氧化碳,其利尿作用已被證實,但其作用是改善組織灌注,減少任何異常的水瀦留

,而不是導致腎臟以非生理方式失水。

孕酮的重要功能之一是維持血容量,而充足的甲狀腺對於預防低鈉血癥(血液中鈉不足,通常與白蛋白形成減少相結合)至關重要

Stress, trauma, and shock start an inflammatory process, that can cause progressive damage to the organs, including the liver。 Giving progesterone following the injury protects against the increase of TNF, IL-6, and leakage of liver enzymes (Kuebler, et al。, 2003)。 It has similar protective effects in the brain, lungs, and other organs。 During the normal menstrual cycle, IL-6 is inversely related to the level of progesterone (Angstwum1, et aI。, 1997)。

壓力、創傷和休克會引發炎症過程,從而對包括肝臟在內的器官造成漸進性損害。損傷後給予孕酮可防止TNF、IL-6增加和肝酶滲漏(Kuebler等人,2003年)。它對大腦、肺和其他器官有類似的保護作用。在正常月經週期中,

IL-6與孕酮水平呈負相關

(Angstwum1等,1997)。

肝臟和內毒素、雌激素

The liver‘s important role in regulating endotoxin and estrogen, and the cascade of inflammatory mediators that can be released as a result of a depression of the liver’s function, makes it important to keep the liver in mind, even when the immediate problem seems to be in the brain, the lungs, kidneys, pancreas, blood vessels, heart, eyes, prostate, ovaries, muscles, or any other organ。

肝臟在調節內毒素和雌激素方面的重要作用,以及因肝臟功能降低而釋放的一系列炎症介質,使得牢記肝臟很重要

,即使眼前的問題似乎在大腦、肺、腎、胰腺、血管、心臟、眼睛,前列腺、卵巢、肌肉或任何其他器官。

Estrogen is obviously part of a primitive repair system, more fundamental or general than its role in reproduction。 When a tissue is injured, it forms large amounts of an enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, that removes the water soluble sugar acid, glucuronic acid, from the estrogen glucuronide which circulates harmlessly in the blood after its formation in the liver, and before its elimination in the urine。 The injured tissue reverses the inactivation of the estrogen that has occurred in the liver, causing the fat soluble estrogen to remain in the damaged tissue, where it changes the metabolism, activating enzymes that stimulate proliferation and accelerate collagen formation and other processes involved in repair。 (Other enzymes, sulfatases and aromatase, contribute to the increase in estrogen in stressed tissues, but beta-glucuronidase has been studied most, because it is very easy to identify。)

雌激素顯然是原始修復系統的一部分,比其在生殖中的作用更基本或更普遍

。當一個組織受到損傷時,它會形成大量的酶,β-葡萄糖醛酸酶,從雌激素葡萄糖醛酸中去除水溶性糖酸,即葡萄糖醛酸。葡萄糖醛酸在肝臟形成後,在尿液中消除之前,在血液中無害地迴圈。

受損組織逆轉肝臟中發生的雌激素失活,導致脂溶性雌激素留在受損組織中,從而改變代謝,啟用刺激增殖和加速膠原形成的酶,以及參與修復的其他過程

。(其他酶,硫酸酯酶和芳香化酶,有助於應激組織中雌激素的增加,但β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的研究最多,因為它很容易識別。)

These local processes don‘t depend on liver failure to become active, but in the systemic effects of liver failure they probably play a very important role in amplifying the effects of endotoxin and unprocessed estrogen。

這些區域性過程並不依賴於肝衰竭變得活躍,但在肝衰竭的全身效應中,它們可能在放大內毒素和未經處理的雌激素的效應方面起著非常重要的作用。

The effects of endotoxin and estrogen on cells are additive, for example in causing vascular leakiness (e。g。, Tollan, et al。, 1992), even in the brain (Oztas and Kaya, 1998)。 Dementia, respiratory distress/shock lung, and all of the classical inflammatory conditions, are promoted by the 5 simple process of making capillaries excessively permeable。 But the cellular changes that make capillaries leaky, also affect other cells, changing their antigenicity, leading to “autoimmune” processes (Sekigawa, et aI。, 2004)。

內毒素和雌激素對細胞的作用是加性的

,例如導致血管滲漏(例如,Tollan等人,1992年),甚至在大腦中(Oztas和Kaya,1998年)。痴呆症、呼吸窘迫/休克性肺病以及所有典型的炎症狀態都是由5個簡單的過程促進的,即使毛細血管過度滲透。

但是使毛細血管滲漏的細胞變化也影響其他細胞,改變其抗原性,導致“自身免疫”過程

(Sekigawa等人,2004年)。

飲食建議

Protein deficiency creates an inflammatory state, and since stress causes tissue proteins to be destroyed and converted into sugars and fats, it’s common to underestimate the amount of protein needed。 One of the functions of sucrose in the diet is to reduce the production of cortisol, and so to spare protein。

**蛋白質缺乏會造成炎症狀態,而且由於壓力會導致組織蛋白質被破壞並轉化為糖和脂肪,因此通常會低估所需的蛋白質量。**

蔗糖在飲食中的作用之一是減少皮質醇的產生,從而節省蛋白質

Milk has a variety of anti-inflammatory functions。 Its saturated fats help to prevent oxidation of lipids, including cholesterol。 Several of its vitamins, especially vitamins D and K, have anti-inflammatory and even antiestrogenic actions。 Since the parathyroid hormone (like some of the other pituitary hormones) is pro-inflal11matory, a generous supply of calcium is important because it inhibits the secretion of the parathyroid hormone。

牛奶具有多種抗炎功能

。它的飽和脂肪有助於防止脂質(包括膽固醇)氧化。它的幾種維生素,

特別是維生素D和K,具有抗炎甚至抗雌激素的作用

。由於甲狀旁腺激素(與其他一些垂體激素一樣)具有促炎症作用,

大量的鈣

供應非常重要,因為它會抑制甲狀旁腺激素的分泌。

Stress activates the endorphin system (partly by increased histamine, according to Kjaer, et aI。, 1993), and these intrinsic hormones, like morphine and the other opiates, are pro-inflammatory。 Both estrogen and endotoxin activate the endorphin system。 Excessive exposure to estrogen destroys many of the beta-endorphin nerves in the hypothalamus, resulting in an adaptive hypersensitivity, that maintains a chronic activation of the endorphin sensitive tissues, suppressing progesterone production (Desjardins, 1995)。

壓力

會啟用內啡肽系統(根據Kjaer等人,1993年的研究,部分是由於組胺的增加),而這些內源性激素,如嗎啡和其他阿片類藥物,具有促炎症作用。雌激素和內毒素都能啟用內啡肽系統。

過度暴露於雌激素會破壞下丘腦中的許多β-內啡肽神經,導致適應性超敏反應,維持內啡肽敏感組織的慢性啟用,抑制孕酮的產生

(Desjardins,1995)。

There are drugs (e。g。, naloxone) that can help to block the actions of the endorphins, and since the endorphins inhibit the luteinizing hormone (LH) which promotes the production of progesterone and testosterone, a little naloxone can often restore normal menstrual cycles that have stopped because of stress and excessive exposure to estrogen。 Endorphins are probably involved in menopausal flushing, and drugs of the naloxone type have been used to relieve it。 But a combination of other anti-stress factors can do the same。

有一些藥物(如納洛酮)可以幫助阻止內啡肽的作用,由於內啡肽抑制促黃體生成素(LH),促黃體生成素(LH)促進黃體酮和睪酮的產生,少量納洛酮通常可以恢復因壓力和過度接觸雌激素而停止的正常月經週期。內啡肽可能和更年期潮紅有關,納洛酮類藥物被用來緩解這種潮紅。但其他抗壓力因素的組合也可以做到這一點。

Salicylic acid, which occurs naturally in many fruits, as well as in aspirin, is unlike the other antiinflal11matory drugs so vaguely classified with it as “nonsteroidal,” in having a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting the prostaglandins and NF kappa-B, TNF, and IL-6, besides contributing to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and actions。

水楊酸天然存在於許多水果和阿司匹林中

,它不同於其他被模糊地歸類為“非甾體”的抗炎藥,

具有廣泛的抗炎作用

,抑制前列腺素和NF-κB、TNF和IL-6,

除了有助於抑制雌激素的合成和作用

Magnesium is lost during stress, and that can lead to destabilization of the mast cells, with increased release of histamine and other promoters of inflammation and excitation。 Thyroid hormone helps cells to assimilate and retain magnesium。 Estrogen‘s effect on magnesium seems to be antagonistic (e。g。, Muneyyirci-Delale, et al。, 1999)。 Fruits and meats are good sources of magnesium, but coffee and chocolate are among the best sources of it, and the caffeine they contain adds to their anti-inflammatory and liver-protective effect (see Sakamoto, et al。, 1999)。

鎂在應激過程中丟失,這可能導致肥大細胞不穩定,增加組胺和其他炎症和興奮促進劑的釋放。甲狀腺激素幫助細胞吸收和保留鎂。雌激素對鎂的作用似乎是拮抗性的

(例如,Muneyyirci Delale等人,1999年)。水果和肉類是鎂的良好來源,

但咖啡和巧克力是鎂的最佳來源

,它們所含的咖啡因增加了它們的抗炎和保肝作用(見Sakamoto等人,1999)。

The saturated fatty acids found in coconut oil inhibit the formation of histamine (Mimura, et al。, 1980), as does glucose (Kaneko, et al。, 1997), and prevent leakiness of the intestine, protecting the liver from endotoxin (Kono, et al。, 2003)。 Progesterone and testosterone protect against histamine, while estrogen increases its formation and actions。 Benadryl (diphenhydran1ine) protects the liver and other organs from various toxins, and from the toxic effects of histamine。

椰子油中發現的飽和脂肪酸抑制組胺的形成

(Mimura等人,1980年),

葡萄糖也抑制組胺的形成

(Kaneko等人,1997年),

防止腸道滲漏,保護肝臟免受內毒素的侵害

(Kono等人,2003年)。

孕酮和睪丸激素保護組胺,而雌激素增加組胺的形成和作用

。苯海拉明(苯海拉寧)保護肝臟和其他器官免受各種毒素和組胺的毒性作用。

Thyroid’s anti-inflammatory function in arthritis and rheumatic conditions has been known for about a century, but there aren‘t many contemporary publications on its roles in inflammation and degeneration (see Bartalena, et al。, 1994; Rittenhouse and Redei, 1997)。

甲狀腺在關節炎和風溼性疾病中的抗炎作用已經被人們知道了大約一個世紀,但關於其在炎症和退行性變中的作用,目前還沒有很多出版物(見Bartalena等人,1994年;Rittenhouse和Redei,1997年)。

生物指標

TSH, the thyroid stimulating hormone secreted by the pituitary, stimulates some of the inflammatory mediators, and although the definition of the “normal range” has been decreasing, the people I see whose TSH is “normal” aren’t as healthy as those whose TSH is well “below normal。” Other indicators of adequate thyroid function are needed。

促甲狀腺素是垂體分泌的促甲狀腺激素,刺激一些炎症介質,儘管**“正常範圍”的定義一直在降低**,但我看到的促甲狀腺素“正常”的人不如那些促甲狀腺素“低於正常”的人健康。還需要其他甲狀腺功能充足的指標。

Expired carbon dioxide (“end tidal”) is a good indicator, but it‘s rarely measured。 Lactic acid tends to rise in hypothyroidism, so measuring its level in the blood can be helpful。 Oxygen consumption, serum cholesterol, daily cycle of temperature and pulse rate, and calorie consumption are good indicators of thyroid function。 The inflammatory cytokines can activate the glycolytic enzymes that produce lactic acid (Bauer, et al。, 2004), and the thyroid hormone accelerates the oxidation of lactic acid, so I think it’s reasonable to think of a higher metabolic rate as a corrective compensation for inflammation, as well as the most important factor in preventing it。

吐出二氧化碳(“潮末”)是一個很好的指標,但很少被測量。乳酸在甲狀腺功能減退時會升高,因此測量其在血液中的水平可能會有所幫助。耗氧量、血清膽固醇、每日體溫週期、脈搏頻率和熱量消耗是甲狀腺功能的良好指標。炎性細胞因子可啟用產生乳酸的糖酵解酶(Bauer,et al。,2004),甲狀腺激素可加速乳酸的氧化,因此我認為有理由將

較高的代謝率視為炎症的糾正補償,以及預防炎症的最重要因素

Anyone can measure their calorie consumption with enough accuracy to be useful。 Considering that the Criles‘ measurements of oxygen consumption in the 1930s showed that An1ericans as a group were extremely hypothyroid, and that other studies done around the same time suggested that nearly half of the population benefitted from supplemental thyroid, we should probably ignore the present “official” recommendations regarding caloric requirements。

任何人都可以精確地測量他們的卡路里消耗量。考慮到克里爾斯在20世紀30年代對耗氧量的測量結果顯示,美國人作為一個群體,甲狀腺功能極度低下,而幾乎同時進行的其他研究表明,近一半的人口受益於補充甲狀腺,我們可能應該忽略目前的“官方報告”關於熱量要求的建議。

Besides keeping track of the caloric value of the food we eat, it’s possible to estimate our metabolic rate fairly closely by measuring our daily fluid intake, and subtracting the amount of urine produced during 24 hours。 The missing water was evaporated, and with moderate atmospheric humidity, we evaporate about a liter of water for every 1000 calories we bum。

除了跟蹤我們所吃食物的熱值外,還可以透過測量我們每天的液體攝入量,減去24小時內產生的尿液量,相當接近地估計我們的代謝率。缺少的水分被蒸發掉了,在溫和的大氣溼度下,每燃燒1000卡路里,我們就會蒸發大約一公升的水。

飽和脂肪、胡蘿蔔

One of the roles of fat in the food is to stimulate the secretion of bile by the gall bladder。 Besides that important function, saturated fats have a variety of protective, anti-inflammatory effects, including the reduction of endotoxemia and lipid peroxidation (Nanji, et al。, 1997)。 “Coconut oil completely abolished the responses to endotoxin” (Wan and Grimble, 1987)。

食物中脂肪的作用之一是刺激膽囊分泌膽汁

。除了這一重要功能外,飽和脂肪還具有多種保護、抗炎作用,包括降低內毒素血癥和脂質過氧化(Nanji等人,1997年)。“椰子油完全消除了對內毒素的反應”(Wan和Grimble,1987年)。

Appetizing foods stimulate the digestive secretions, but it‘s important to avoid foods that directly trigger an inflammatory reaction, or that are indigestible and as a result support harmful bacterial growth。 Cellulose can accelerate transit through the intestine and lower estrogen systemically (partly by simply preventing the reabsorption of estrogen that has been secreted by the bile), but the lignans found in many seeds and grains tend to promote inflammation。 Raw carrots, for example, lower estrogen, while flax meal can increase it。

開胃食物刺激消化分泌物,但重要的是避免直接引發炎症反應的食物,或不易消化的食物,從而導致有害細菌生長。纖維素可以加速透過腸道的轉運,並全身性降低雌激素(部分是透過阻止膽汁分泌的雌激素的再吸收),但在許多種子和穀物中發現的木脂素往往會促進炎症。例如,生胡蘿蔔可以降低雌激素,

而亞麻粉可以增加雌激素

Constipation or diarrhea, or their alternation, usually develops when there is inflammation in the bowel。 A laxative can sometimes reduce the inflammation, but it’s important to identify the foods that contribute to the problem。 A salad of shredded carrot, with oil and vinegar dressing, has a germicidal action, and is stimulating to the digestive processes。 Most salad vegetables, though, are likely to produce intestinal irritation, directly or as a result of bacterial decomposition。

便秘或腹瀉,或其交替,通常發生在腸道炎症時。瀉藥有時可以減輕炎症,但重要的是要確定哪些食物會導致炎症。

胡蘿蔔絲沙拉,油和醋調味,具有殺菌作用,並刺激消化過程

。然而,大多數沙拉蔬菜可能直接或由於細菌分解而產生腸道刺激。

One or a few of the anti-inflammatory measures can often make a tremendous difference, but for serious chronic problems, it‘s best to use as many safe techniques as possible, including periodic breathing in a paper ’bag to increase carbon dioxide retention, and taking niacinamide to inhibit lipolysis, until the signs of inflammation begin to subside。 Eventually, the goal should be to become “deficient” in the “essential fatty acids,” since experiments have shown that such animals are extremely resistant to endotoxin poisoning (Li, et al。, 1990)。

一種或幾種抗炎措施通常會產生巨大的影響,但對於嚴重的慢性疾病,最好使用盡可能多的安全技術,

包括定期在紙袋中呼吸以增加二氧化碳滯留,服用煙醯胺以抑制脂肪分解,直到炎症症狀開始消退

最終,目標應該是“缺乏”“必需脂肪酸”

,因為實驗表明,這些動物對內毒素中毒具有極強的抵抗力(Li等人,1990年)。

參考

Ray Peat: 炎症、內毒素、雌激素和免疫等

Ray Peat: 炎症、內毒素、雌激素和免疫等

Ray Peat: 炎症、內毒素、雌激素和免疫等

Ray Peat: 炎症、內毒素、雌激素和免疫等